Intshayelelo kwiinkcukacha zePCIe 5.0

• Intshayelelo kwiinkcukacha zePCIe 5.0

Inkcazelo ye-PCIe 4.0 yagqitywa ngo-2017, kodwa ayizange ixhaswe ngamaqonga abathengi de kwaba luchungechunge lwe-AMD lwe-7nm Rydragon 3000, kwaye ngaphambili yayiyimveliso kuphela efana ne-supercomputing, indawo yokugcina isantya esiphezulu yeshishini, kunye nezixhobo zenethiwekhi ezazisebenzisa iteknoloji ye-PCIe 4.0. Nangona iteknoloji ye-PCIe 4.0 ingekasetyenziswa kakhulu, umbutho we-PCI-SIG sele uphuhlisa i-PCIe 5.0 ekhawulezayo, izinga lesiginali liphindwe kabini ukusuka kwi-16GT/s yangoku ukuya kwi-32GT/s, i-bandwidth inokufikelela kwi-128GB/s, kwaye inkcazo yenguqulelo ye-0.9/1.0 igqityiwe. Inguqulelo ye-v0.7 yombhalo oqhelekileyo we-PCIe 6.0 ithunyelwe kumalungu, kwaye uphuhliso lomgangatho lusendleleni. Izinga le-pin le-PCIe 6.0 linyusiwe ukuya kwi-64 GT/s, eliphindwe kasibhozo kune-PCIe 3.0, kwaye i-bandwidth kwiitshaneli ze-x16 inokuba nkulu kune-256GB/s. Ngamanye amazwi, isantya sangoku sePCIe 3.0 x8 sifuna itshaneli enye yePCIe 6.0 kuphela ukuze ifezekiswe. Ngokuphathelele i-v0.7, iPCIe 6.0 ifezekise uninzi lweempawu ezabhengezwa ekuqaleni, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kusaphucuka ngakumbi.d, kwaye umgangatho usandul’ ukwazisa izixhobo zokumisela amandla ze-L0p. Kakade ke, emva kwesibhengezo ngo-2021, i-PCIe 6.0 inokufumaneka kurhwebo ngo-2023 okanye ngo-2024 kwangoko. Umzekelo, i-PCIe 5.0 yavunywa ngo-2019, kwaye kungoku nje apho kukho iimeko zokusetyenziswa.

Xa kuthelekiswa neenkcukacha ezisemgangathweni zangaphambili, iinkcukacha zePCIe 4.0 zifike emva kwexesha. Iinkcukacha zePCIe 3.0 zaziswa ngo-2010, kwiminyaka esi-7 emva kokwaziswa kwePCIe 4.0, ngoko ke ubomi beenkcukacha zePCIe 4.0 bunokuba bufutshane. Ngokukodwa, abanye abathengisi baqalise ukuyila izixhobo zePCIe 5.0 PHY zomzimba.

Umbutho we-PCI-SIG ulindele ukuba le migangatho mibini ihlale ixesha elide, kwaye i-PCIe 5.0 isetyenziswa kakhulu kwizixhobo ezisebenza kakuhle ezineemfuno eziphezulu zokusebenzisa amandla, ezifana ne-Gpus ye-AI, izixhobo zenethiwekhi, njalo njalo, nto leyo ethetha ukuba i-PCIe 5.0 inokwenzeka ukuba ivele kwiziko ledatha, kwinethiwekhi, nakwiindawo ze-HPC. Izixhobo ezineemfuno ezincinci ze-bandwidth, ezifana needesktops, zinokusebenzisa i-PCIe 4.0.

Kwi-PCIe 5.0, izinga lesiginali linyusiwe ukusuka kwi-PCIe 4.0's 16GT/s ukuya kwi-32GT/s, kusasetyenziswa i-128/130 encoding, kwaye i-bandwidth ye-x16 inyusiwe ukusuka kwi-64GB/s ukuya kwi-128GB/s.

Ukongeza ekuphindaphindeni i-bandwidth, i-PCIe 5.0 izisa ezinye iinguqu, itshintsha uyilo lombane ukuphucula ukuthembeka kwesignali, ukuhambelana ngasemva ne-PCIe, nokunye. Ukongeza, i-PCIe 5.0 iyilwe ngemigangatho emitsha enciphisa ukubambezeleka kunye nokuncitshiswa kwesignali kumgama omde.

Umbutho we-PCI-SIG ulindele ukugqiba inguqulelo ye-1.0 yenkcazo kwi-Q1 kulo nyaka, kodwa banokuphuhlisa imigangatho, kodwa abanakulawula ukuba isixhobo sesiphelo singeniswa nini kwimarike, kwaye kulindeleke ukuba izixhobo zokuqala ze-PCIe 5.0 ziza kuqala kulo nyaka, kwaye ezinye iimveliso ziya kuvela ngo-2020. Nangona kunjalo, imfuneko yesantya esiphezulu yenze umzimba oqhelekileyo wachaza isizukulwana esilandelayo se-PCI Express. Injongo ye-PCIe 5.0 kukunyusa isantya somgangatho ngexesha elifutshane kangangoko. Ke ngoko, i-PCIe 5.0 yenzelwe ukunyusa isantya ukuya kumgangatho we-PCIe 4.0 ngaphandle kwezinye iimpawu ezintsha ezibalulekileyo.

Umzekelo, i-PCIe 5.0 ayixhasi imiqondiso ye-PAM 4 kwaye ibandakanya kuphela iimpawu ezintsha ezifunekayo ukuze umgangatho we-PCIe ukwazi ukuxhasa i-32 GT/s ngexesha elifutshane kangangoko.

Imingeni yehardware

Umceli mngeni omkhulu ekulungiseleleni imveliso yokuxhasa i-PCI Express 5.0 uya kunxulunyaniswa nobude betshaneli. Okukhona isantya sesiginali sikhawuleza, kokukhona isantya somthwali wesiginali esidluliselwa ngebhodi yePC siphezulu. Iindidi ezimbini zomonakalo obonakalayo zithintela umlinganiselo apho iinjineli zinokusasaza khona isiginali ye-PCIe:

· 1. Ukuncitshiswa kwetshaneli

· 2. Ukubonakaliswa okwenzeka kwitshaneli ngenxa yokwahluka kwe-impedance kwiiphini, izihlanganisi, imingxunya edlulayo nakwezinye izakhiwo.

Inkcazo ye-PCIe 5.0 isebenzisa iitshaneli ezine-attenuation ye--36dB kwi-16 GHz. I-frequency ye-16 GHz imele i-frequency ye-Nyquist yezibonakaliso zedijithali ze-32 GT/s. Umzekelo, xa isignali ye-PCIe5.0 iqala, inokuba ne-voltage eqhelekileyo ye-peak-to-peak ye-800 mV. Nangona kunjalo, emva kokudlula kwitshaneli ye--36dB ecetyiswayo, naluphi na uhlobo lokufana neliso elivulekileyo luyalahleka. Kuphela ngokusebenzisa i-equalization esekelwe kwi-transmitter (de-accentuating) kunye ne-receiver equalization (indibaniselwano ye-CTLE kunye ne-DFE) apho isignali ye-PCIe5.0 ingadlula kwitshaneli yenkqubo kwaye itolikwe ngokuchanekileyo yi-receiver. Ubuncinane bokuphakama kwamehlo okulindelweyo kwi-signal ye-PCIe 5.0 yi-10mV (post-equalization). Nokuba i-transmitter ephantse igqibelele, i-attenuation ebalulekileyo yetshaneli inciphisa i-amplitude yesignali ukuya kwinqanaba apho naluphi na olunye uhlobo lomonakalo wesignali obangelwa kukubonakalisa kunye ne-crosstalk lunokuvalwa ukuze kubuyiselwe iliso.